CHAPTER XV QUESTIONNAIRE INFORMATION.   XV.1 INTRODUCTION Very little is known about lucid-dreams. An obvious possibility was that they were some form of imagery which does not occur in REM sleep, and so the phenomenon would not constitute real dreams. One way of studying this, without a sleep-lab, is to give an imagery questionnaire to persons who say they have lucid-dreams and see how the score correlates with reported frequency of lucid-dreams. Questions on various sleep phenomena could also provide correlational data. These questions (pages 414-417) would give information on associated phenomena the correlations of which might point to possible causes or at least indirect links. It was decided to obtain such data. Male and female scores would be treated separately and combined to observe any sex differences. At a later stage, the author considered that it would be useful to have general information on the personal experiences of subjects in specific areas in lucid-dreams. The questions selected are shown on pages 281-283. The questionnaire method has certain inherent biases of course. The Experimenter can affect the interviewees' responses (Hyman, 1955) ; a social desirability factor (Edwards, 1957) may operate ; an acquiescence tendency could distort some answers (Cronbach, 1942 ; Wiggins, 1962). Nevertheless, it was felt that this method could provide some useful information on matters related to lucid-dreams. The imagery part of the first questionnaire (questions 4-16) was supplied by Dr J. Empson of Hull University. It was felt that further pertinent questions might be on : eidetic ability, hypnagogic and hypnopompic imagery, perseverative imagery, body-schema experiences, micropsia and macropsia, apparitions, auras, daydream frequency and vividness of that imagery (These types of imagery are discussed in McKellar, 1957). Questions on sleep / dream phenomena would be on : frequency of recurring dreams, sleepwalking, sleeptalking, myoclonic jerk, nocturnal dream recall , vividness of dream imagery and whether the person saw himself / herself in dreams. Other questions on peripheral interests of the author were also included. TABLE XV.1 LUCID-DREAMS, IMAGERY AND SLEEP / DREAMS QUESTIONNAIRE. MEANS OF RESPONSES.   CHAPTER XV QUESTIONNAIRE INFORMATION   XV.2 METHOD (a) Lucid-dreams, imagery and ordinary dreams questionnaire. The Experimenter personally canvassed a young adult University population and obtained questionnaire data from 48 persons (24 males, 24 females), who stated that they had lucid-dreams at a frequency represented by at least 2 on a scale of 1 (none) to 7 (every night). The University student population is not representative of society generally, it is noted, in that the intelligence level is higher than average and the age range is limited. Nevertheless, useful information can be ascertained from this sample. The data was placed in two 36 times 24 matrices (for the 2 sexes) and one 36 times 48 matrix (combined), which were subjected to cross-correlation using 'N3IC' computer programme of the University of Liverpool Computer Laboratory. (b) Lucid-dream phenomena questionnaire The answers to these questions were in categories, or simple yes / no responses. The answers were expressed in tabular form. 24 persons took part (11 males, 13 females). TABLE XV.2 CORRELATIONAL DATA. Lucid-dreams, imagery, dreams questionnaire. (Significant values of r :) (22 df : 5% = 0.40 ; 2% = 0.47 ; 1% = 0.52) (45 df : 5% = 0.29 ; 2% = 0.34 ; 1% = 0.37) CORRELATIONS OF ITEMS 2-36 WITH ITEM 1. VALUES of r : CHAPTER XV QUESTIONNAIRE INFORMATION   XV.3 RESULTS Lucid-dreams, imagery and ordinary dreams questionnaire. The male / female raw data is on pages 412-13 and a table of correlations for the items in relation to the reported frequency of lucid-dreams is shown on page 275. A table of means for the different questions is displayed on page 274. It can be seen that the mean reported frequency of lucid-dreams for the sample was 3.6 on the 7 point scale (3.0 males, 4.2 females). The overall imagery scores were 59.3 (males) and 65.3 (females), (62.3 combined). A significant difference was found between the frequency of reported lucid-dreams for males versus females (t= 2.41; N=24 ; P<0.02) (Page 418). The overall imagery scores of the two sexes were not significantly different though. Totally different items correlated with the reported frequency of lucid-dreams for the two sexes. For males, belief in ESP (item 25) and reported frequency of daydreaming (item 27) correlated significantly (25 : r=0.46 ; N=24 ; P<0.05 ; 27: r=0.416 ; N=24 ; P<0.05). In females, reported hypnagogic-imagery frequency (item 18), reported frequency of recall of nocturnal dreams ( item 29) and reported frequency of seeing oneself in dreams (item 31) provided significant correlations (18 : r=0.53 ; N=24 ; P<0.01 ; 29 : r=0.43 ; N=24 ; P<0.05 ; 31: r=0.48 ; N=24 ; P<0.05). However, when combined, 3 items which had correlated for males and females.   TABLE XV.3 SIGNIFICANT OVERALL CORRELATIONS AND SPLIT-DATA CORRELATIONS. (Pearson's coefficient) MALES : ITEM : 1. FREQUENCY OF LUCID-DREAMS / BELIEF IN ESP. 1, 2 r= 0.46 ; 22 df ; P<0.05. Split : (r= 0.56 ; 10 df ; n.s.) (r= 0.22 ; 10 df ; n.s.) 2. FREQUENCY OF LUCID-DREAMS / FREQUENCY OF DAYDREAMING. 1, 27 r= 0.42 ; 22 df ; P<0.05. Split : (r= 0.38 ; 10 df ; n.s.) (r= 0.37 ; 10 df ; n.s.)   FEMALES : FREQUENCY OF LUCID-DREAMS / FREQUENCY OF HYPNAGOGIC IMAGERY. r= 0.5 ; 22 df ; P<0.01. 1, 18 Split : (r= 0.25 ; 10 df ; n.s.) (r= 0.74 ; 10 df ; P<0.01) FREQUENCY OF LUCID-DREAMS / FREQUENCY RECALL OF NIGHT DREAMS. r= 0.43 ; 22 df ; P<0.05. 1, 29Split : (r= 0.19 ; 10 df ; n.s.) (r= 0.52 ; 10 df ; n.s.) FREQUENCY OF LUCID-DREAMS / FREQUENCY OF SEEING SELF IN DREAMS. r= 0.48 ; 22 df ; P<0.05 1, 31 Split :(r= 0.22 ; 10 df ; n.s.) (r= 0.65 ; 10 df ; P<0.05)   Split-data correlations: (N-2 degrees of freedom used). Table values : 5% : 0.58 ; 2% : 0.66 ; 1% : 0.71and one item which had not, gave significant correlations. These were items: 25, 27, 29 and 32 (reported frequency of recurring dreams). In the Table on page 275, it is clear that since there are a large number of correlations the significant ones could be statistical artefacts. Approximately 2 might be expected, per column, by chance alone (at the 5% level) which could account for the apparently significant items. Therefore it was decided to perform split-half correlations of the male and female data (i.e. subjects 1-12, 13-24). Any consis­tent, genuine, effect should be present in both halves. Table XV.3 on page 276 states the overall and split-data correlations. It can be seen that the split-data analyses are all dissimilar, except for the frequency of lucid-dreams / frequency of day­dreaming correlation for males - but these correlations are not significant. Therefore, the overall correlations are not reliable. Lucid-dream phenomena questions. A table showing these results is shown on page 281-283. In general, compared to ordinary dreams, imagery and thinking in lucid-dreams tend to be of the same or better quality. The dreams are also more memorable. Most people (more females) report that they are neutral to pleasant experiences, happening mostly after 5 a.m. and lasting an estimated few minutes. Various visual distortions are noted by most persons in the lucid state. Time in lucid-dreams is usually reported as being like real time, or is somewhat compressed. Most persons wake from a lucid-dream and about half the sample had experienced false­ awakenings to their knowledge. Most persons had not performed experiments in lucid-dreams and had not attempted to control events. Despite the fact that flying is often reported by habitual dreamers (V.3.4), most persons had not flown in lucid-dreams. Finally, most persons state that they would like to experience a lucid-dream again.   CHAPTER XV QUESTIONNAIRE INFORMATION   XV.4 DISCUSSION Significantly more lucid-dreams were reported by females than males. This may be a genuine sex difference but it could also simply reflect some bias in the question­naire methodology. Perhaps sales are more reluctant to dis­close information about lucid-dreams which they may think are abnormal. The same higher frequency is found in reports of nightmares by females (Feldman & Hersen, 1967). Therefore, this finding must be treated cautiously. Although the frequency of lucid-dreams appeared to correlate, significantly, with different questionnaire items for males and females, the split-data technique of testing the correlations indicated that these associations were not reliable. The lucid-dream phenomena questionnaire shows that the items generally concur with the picture of lucid-dreams portrayed in Chapter IV. Exceptions are : The low reported frequency of flying in lucid-dreams ; the lack of experiment­ation in them ; the lack of control over events in them. General inexperience and ignorance of the control aspect are probably effects here, in which case an older sample might provide different answers to the questions. TABLE XV.4 LUCID-DREAM PHENOMENA QUESTIONNAIRE AND DATA. (11 Males, 13 Females) N=24. (0= Female reply, 1= Male reply)   1. How do lucid-dream pictures compare to ordinary dream pictures ? LESS VIVID : 000 SAME: 0000000111 MORE VIVID : 00011111111   2. What is your reaction to finding yourself in a lucid-dream ? PLEASANT : 000000000111 NEUTRAL : 0011111 UNPLEASANT : 00111   3. When in the night do these dreams tend to occur ? - 2 a.m. 001 2-5 a.m. 000001 5- a.m. 000000111111111   4. How long do these dreams last on average ? SECONDS : 000011111 FEW MINS : 0000000111111 MANY MINS : 00   5. How does your thinking in lucid-dreams compare to that of waking ? MORE CLEAR : 0111 SAME : 00000000111111 LESS CLEAR : 000011   6. How does your thinking in lucid-dreams compare to that in ordinary dreams ? MORE CLEAR : 00000011111111 SAME : 0000011 LESS CLEAR : 001   7. Have you performed experiments in lucid-dreams ? YES : 0000011 NO : 00000000111111111   (282) 8. Have you ever flown (under your own power) in a lucid-dream ? YES : 00011 NO : 0000000000111111111   9. How do colours appear in lucid-dreams, compared to real life ? BRIGHTER : 01111 SAME : 0000000001111111 DULLER : 0 NO COLOUR : 00   10. How do colours appear in ordinary dreams ? BRIGHTER : SAME : 0000000000111111111 DULLER : 011 NO COLOUR : 00   11. Do you know what physical position your body is usually in when you have a lucid-dream ? BACK : 00111 FR0NT : 001 SIDE : 011 DON'T KNOW : 0000000011111   12. Do things in a lucid-dream ever appear distorted, visually ? YES : 000000000111111111 NO : 00011 DON'T KNOW : 0   13. How does time seem to pass in lucid-dreams ? LONGER : SAME : 0000011111 SHORTER : 00001111 TIMELESS : 000011   14. How does time seem to pass in ordinary dreams ? LONGER : SAME : 000 SHORTER : 0000000001111 TIMELESS : 01111111   15. Can you control the course of events in lucid-dreams ? YES : 00000111 NO : 0000000011111111   16. Do you usually wake up from a lucid-dream ? YES : 00000000000111111111 NO : 0011   17. Have you ever thought you had woken from a lucid-dream, or ordinary dream, only to discover later that you were still dreaming ? YES : 00000001111 NO : 0000001111111   18. How memorable are lucid-dreams compared to ordinary dreams ? MORE : 000000111111111 SAME : 0000 LESS : 00011   19. Would you like to experience a lucid-dream again ? YES : 000000000011111111 NEUTRAL: 0011 NO : 01   CHAPTER XV QUESTIONNAIRE INFORMATION   XV.5 CONCLUSIONS 1. Significantly more lucid-dreams were reported by females than males, but this result is uncertain. 2. None of the questionnaire items correlated reliably with reported frequency of lucid dreams in subjects. 3. Most lucid-dreams are of the same or more vivid quality as ordinary dreams. 4. Most persons find lucid-dreams neutral or pleasant, emotionally. 5. Most lucid-dreams occur after 5 a.m. 6. Most lucid-dreams have a duration of a few minutes or several seconds. 7. Most persons report that their thinking in lucid-dreams is as clear as when awake. 8. Thinking in lucid-dreams is reported to be more clear than in ordinary dreams. 9. Most persons have not performed experiments in lucid-dreams. 10. Most persons have never flown in lucid-dreams. 11. Colours in lucid-dreams mostly appear to be the same or brighter than in real life. 12. Colours in ordinary dreams appear to be the same or duller than in real life. 13. Physical position of the body during sleep does not appear to be related to lucid dreams. 14. Most people report that visual distortions of images in lucid-dreams are sometimes observed. 15. Most persons report that time seems to pass normally, or is shorter than in real life, in both lucid and ordinary dreams. 16. Most people report that they cannot control the course of events in lucid-dreams. 17. Most people wake after their lucid-dreams. 18. Approximately half the sample had experienced a false-awakening, to their knowledge. 19. Most people report that lucid-dreams are more memorable than ordinary dreams. 20. Most people report that they would wish to experience a lucid-dream again. 21. An older sample, more used to experiencing lucid-dreams, might report more dream control and experimentation within the lucid-dream. The next Chapter takes up the possible link between cortical arousal and lucid-dreams (suggested by the previous work) and looks at personality in relation to lucid-dreams. The factor of intelligence and lucid-dreams is also considered.